All Essential Q&A for Dispenser Course (Second Year)

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English Note: The following covers all the short questions and definitions mentioned in the script, with brief, exam-focused answers in English and Roman Urdu.

Roman Urdu Note: Neeche diye gaye sawal-jawab (Q&A) script mein diye gaye sabhi short questions aur tareefaat ko cover karte hain, jinhein imtihan ke liye mukhtasar jawab ke saath pesh kiya gaya hai.

Chapter 1: Short Q&A (Dispenser Techniques 2)

A. Basic Concepts (Buniyadi Mafahim)

Q: What is a Drug? S: What is Drug? (Drug kya hai?) A: A drug is any substance used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the diagnosis, prevention, cure, or relief of symptoms of a disease. J: Drug koi bhi aisi cheez hai jo beemari ki tashkhees (diagnosis), ilaaj (cure), ya uske asraat ko kam karne ke liye istemaal hoti hai. Yeh jismaani nizaam (physiological systems) ko behtar banane ke liye di jaati hai.

Q: What is the Nature of a Drug? S: What is the Nature of Drug? (Drug ki Nature kya hoti hai?) A: Drugs are typically chemical substances with a specific molecular structure. Their nature determines how they interact with biological systems (like binding to receptors) to produce a therapeutic effect and efficacy. J: Drugs aam taur par chemical mawaad hote hain jin ki ek khaas molecular saakht hoti hai. Inki fitrat (nature) tay karti hai ki woh jismaani nizaam ke saath kaisa ta'amul (interact) karte hain taake ilaaj ka asar zahir ho.

Q: What is Powder? S: What is Powder? (Powder kya hai?) A: Powders are solid dosage forms consisting of finely divided chemicals or drugs. They can be used internally (mixed with liquid) or externally (dusting powders) and allow for flexible dosing. J: Powders woh solid dosage forms hain jo bareek peese hue drugs par mushtamil hote hain. Inhe ya toh andaruni ya baharuni istemaal ke liye tayyar kiya jata hai aur yeh dose adjust karne mein mufeed hain.

Q: What is Semi-Solid? S: What is Semi-Solid? (Semi-Solid kya hai?) A: Semi-solids are external preparations that are neither liquid nor fully solid (e.g., creams, gels). They are mainly applied to the skin or mucous membranes and provide local or transdermal delivery. J: Semi-solids woh baharuni (external) tayyariyan hain jo na mukammal liquid hain na mukammal solid. Yeh aam taur par jild par lagane ke liye hote hain, jaise ki creams aur ointments.

Q: What is Granule? S: What is Granule? (Granule kya hai?) A: Granules are small, solid masses of powder, often aggregated into larger particles. They are typically taken orally and are preferred over fine powders as they flow better and reduce the tendency to cake (clump). J: Granules powder ke chote, solid tukde hote hain, jo aam taur par bareek powder ko jodh kar banaye jaate hain. Yeh zabaani (orally) liye jaate hain aur inka istemaal isliye behtar hai kyunki yeh aasaani se behte hain.

Q: Define Ointment. S: Define Ointment. (Ointment ki tareef karein.) A: An ointment is a greasy, semi-solid preparation intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes. It is typically occlusive, meaning it forms a protective layer to keep moisture in the skin, enhancing drug penetration. J: Ointment ek chikni, semi-solid tayyari hai jo jild par lagane ke liye hoti hai. Yeh aam taur par ek hifazati (protective) parat banati hai jo nami ko qaim rakhti hai aur dawa ke asar ko badhati hai.

Q: What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Non-Sterile Liquid? S: What is the Advantage and Disadvantage of Non-Sterile Liquid? (Non-Sterile Liquid ke faide aur nuqsan kya hain?) A: **Advantages:** Easy swallowing, quick onset of action, and flexible dosing. **Disadvantages:** Shorter shelf life due to microbial growth risk (as they are non-sterile), often require refrigeration, and taste masking is challenging. J: **Faide:** Peene mein aasan, tez asar aur dose adjust karna aasan. **Nuqsan:** Microbes ki wajah se kharab hone ka khatra (non-sterile hone ke karan), aur zaiqay (taste) ko chhupana mushkil hota hai.

Q: What is Poury? S: What is Poury? (Poury kya hai?) A: (Note: Assuming 'Pouri' refers to a soft, semi-solid preparation or paste, which may be a local term in dispensing.) Poury is generally a soft preparation, similar to a paste, used for external applications. It is thicker than an ointment but can still be spread easily. J: (Agar iska talluq pharmacy se hai, toh) Poury aam taur par ek naram, semi-solid tayyari hoti hai jo baharuni istemaal ke liye hoti hai. Yeh Ointment se zyada ghari (thicker) hoti hai lekin phir bhi aasaani se phailai ja sakti hai.

B. Definitions (Tareefaat)

Q: Define Solution. S: Define Solution. (Solution ki tareef karein.) A: A solution is a chemically and physically homogeneous liquid preparation that contains one or more dissolved chemical substances (solutes) in a suitable solvent (such as water or alcohol). J: Solution ek yaksaan (homogeneous) liquid tayyari hai jismein ek ya ek se zyada chemical mawaad (solutes) kisi munasib ghulane wale mawaad (solvent) mein poori tarah ghule hue hote hain.

Q: Define Suspension. S: Define Suspension. (Suspension ki tareef karein.) A: A suspension is a coarse dispersion in which fine solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. The solid particles are insoluble, and the mixture must be shaken before use to ensure uniform distribution. J: Suspension ek aisi tayyari hai jismein bareek thos zarraat (solid particles) ek liquid medium mein muntashir (dispersed) hote hain. Yeh zarraat ghulansheel nahin hote, isliye istemaal se pehle hilana zaroori hota hai.

Q: Define Emulsion. S: Define Emulsion. (Emulsion ki tareef karein.) A: An emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable system consisting of two immiscible liquids (like oil and water) stabilized by an emulsifying agent. It is a biphasic liquid preparation. J: Emulsion ek aisi tayyari hai jismein do na-ghulne wale maadday (liquids, jaise tail aur paani) ek emulsifying agent ki madad se milaye jaate hain. Yeh ek do-marhali (biphasic) liquid tayyari hai.

Q: Define Liniments. S: Define Liniments. (Liniments ki tareef karein.) A: Liniments are liquid preparations intended for external application to the skin, usually applied with friction or rubbing. They are often used to relieve muscle pain or stiffness. J: Liniments woh liquid tayyariyan hain jo jild par lagane ke liye hoti hain, aam taur par maalish (friction) ke saath. Inka istemaal pathon ke dard ya akad (stiffness) ko kam karne ke liye kiya jaata hai.

Q: Define Elixir. S: Define Elixir. (Elixir ki tareef karein.) A: An elixir is a clear, pleasantly flavored liquid preparation intended for oral use, usually containing alcohol as a solvent. They are primarily used as vehicles for medicinal substances. J: Elixir ek saaf, khushgawar zaiqaydaar liquid tayyari hai jo zabaani istemaal ke liye hoti hai, jismein aksar alcohol ghulane wale maadday ke taur par hota hai. Yeh dawaon ko dene ka zariya (vehicle) hai.

C. Advanced Concepts & Calculations (Aala Mafahim aur Hisaabaat)

Q: What are the Forms of Sterile Liquid? S: What are the Forms of Sterile Liquid? (Sterile Liquid ki forms kya hain?) A: Sterile liquid forms are those free from living microorganisms, often used for injection. Forms include Injections (IV, IM), Ophthalmic solutions (for eyes), and Irrigation solutions (for cleansing wounds). J: Sterile liquid forms woh hain jo mukammal taur par jaraseem se paak hon, aur aksar injection ke liye istemaal hote hain. Maslan: Injections, Aankhon ke hal (Ophthalmic solutions), aur zakhmon ko dhone wale solutions.

Q: What are Incompatibilities? S: What are Incompatibilities? (Incompatibilities kya hoti hain?) A: Incompatibilities occur when mixing two or more substances leads to an undesirable product that cannot be used. These reactions can be physical (e.g., color change or separation) or chemical (e.g., drug inactivation). J: Incompatibilities tab hoti hain jab do ya do se zyada mawaad milane par woh cheez banti hai jo istemaal ke liye theek na ho. Yeh reaction physical (jaisa ki rangat badalna) ya chemical (jaisa ki dawa ka be-asar ho jana) ho sakte hain.

Q: What is a Matrix System? S: What is Matrix System? (Matrix System kya hai?) A: In pharmaceutical dispensing, a matrix system refers to a dosage form (often a tablet) where the drug is uniformly dispersed in a polymer base. This system controls the drug's release rate over a prolonged period. J: Matrix System ek aisi dosage form hai (aam taur par tablet) jismein drug ko ek polymer ki buniyad mein yaksaan (uniformly) taur par phela diya jata hai. Yeh nizaam dawa ko lambe arse tak aahista-aahista jism mein chhodne ke liye istemaal hota hai.

Q: Define Temperature. S: Define Temperature. (Temperature ki tareef karein.) A: Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance. In pharmacy, temperature is crucial for drug storage, stability, and preparation. J: Temperature ek tabee' (physical) miqdaar hai jo kisi cheez ki garmi ya thandak ki darja (degree) ko zaahir karti hai. Pharmacy mein temperature dawa ke zakheere (storage) aur uski hifazat ke liye zaroori hai.

Q: Convert 50 Grains into Grams. S: Convert 50 Grain into Grams. (50 Grain ko Grams mein tabdeel karein.) A: Since 1 Grain ≈ 0.0648 Grams, 50 Grains converts to approximately 3.24 Grams. This type of conversion is vital for calculating accurate drug quantities. J: Chunke 1 Grain taqreeban 0.0648 Grams ke barabar hota hai, isliye 50 Grains taqreeban 3.24 Grams ke barabar honge. Dawa ki sahi miqdaar nikaalne ke liye yeh conversion zaroori hai.

Q: Convert One Pound into Grams. S: Convert One Pound into Grams. (Ek Pound ko Grams mein tabdeel karein.) A: One Pound (lb) is officially equal to approximately 453.59 Grams (g). This is a standard conversion used in the apothecary system when converting to metric units. J: Ek Pound (lb) sarkaari taur par taqreeban 453.59 Grams (g) ke barabar hota hai. Yeh miqdaar (unit) tabdeel karne ka ek aam mayar hai.